The page number or page range may be omitted if the entire work is cited, as in '(Smith 2010)'.

The structure of a citation under the author–date method is the author's surname, year of publication, and page number or range, in parentheses, as in '(Smith 2010, p. A full citation is given in the references section: Smith, John (2008). The citation includes the author's name, year of publication, and page number(s) when a specific part of the source is referred to (Smith 2008, p. 1) or (Smith 2008:1). In the author–date method (Harvard referencing), the in-text citation is placed in parentheses after the sentence or part thereof that the citation supports.

Author–title or author–page: primarily used in the arts and the humanities, and recommended by the Modern Language Association (MLA) (see MLA Handbook).Īuthor–date (Harvard referencing).

Author–date (also known as Harvard referencing): primarily used in the natural sciences and social sciences, and recommended by the American Chemical Society and the American Psychological Association (APA) (see APA style).

Parenthetical referencing normally uses one of these two citation styles: Parenthetical referencing can be used in lieu of footnote citations (the Vancouver system). They are usually accompanied by a full, alphabetized list of citations in an end section, usually titled 'references', 'reference list', 'works cited', or 'end-text citations'.

Parenthetical referencing, is a citation system in which in-text citations are made using parentheses. ( June 2020) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message)

Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. This article includes a list of general references, but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations.

Chicago endnote citation